Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of liver conditions that affect individuals who consume little to no alcohol. The hallmark feature of NAFLD is the accumulation of excess fat within liver cells. This condition has become increasingly prevalent worldwide, particularly in developing countries, and it represents one of the most common form of chronic liver disease.
NAFLD can progress to a more aggressive form known as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), characterized by liver inflammation that may lead to advanced scarring (cirrhosis) and liver failure. Symptoms of NAFLD and NASH may include fatigue and discomfort in the upper right abdomen. Advanced stages may manifest with additional signs such as abdominal swelling (ascites), enlarged blood vessels beneath the skin, enlarged spleen, red palms, and yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice).
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact reasons why some individuals develop fat accumulation in the liver remain unclear. However, NAFLD and NASH are associated with various factors, including:
Overweight or obesity
Insulin resistance
High blood sugar levels
Elevated levels of blood fats (triglycerides)
Conditions such as high cholesterol, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes
Other risk factors include sleep apnea, polycystic ovary syndrome, and certain hormonal imbalances
Older age, diabetes, and central obesity are particularly linked to a higher risk of developing NASH.
Complications
The primary complication of NAFLD and NASH is the development of cirrhosis, which involves extensive scarring of the liver. Cirrhosis can lead to several severe outcomes, including:
Fluid buildup in the abdomen (ascites)
Enlarged veins in the esophagus (esophageal varices), which may rupture and cause bleeding
Confusion and cognitive impairment (hepatic encephalopathy)
Liver cancer
End-stage liver failure
It’s estimated that between 5% and 12% of individuals with NASH will progress to cirrhosis.
Prevention
Preventive measures to reduce the risk of NAFLD include:
Adopting a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats
Maintaining a healthy weight through balanced nutrition and regular exercise
Incorporating physical activity into daily routines, with approval from a healthcare professional if necessary
By promoting lifestyle modifications and raising awareness about the risks associated with NAFLD, individuals can take proactive steps to protect their liver health and overall well-being.